INDEX

1. Technical Information

2. Line Treatment

3. Positioning

4. Timing

5. Truncation

6. Dual Speakers

7. Names

8. Formality

9. Punctuation

10. Italics

11. Continuity

12. Forced Narratives / Narrative Subtitles

13. Foreign Dialogue

14. Numbers, Time & Currency

15. Quotes

16. Abbreviations

17. Acronyms

18. Repetitions

19. Censored words

20. Songs

21. Titles

22. Translator Credit

23. Language Tag

24. SDH Instructions - Speaker IDs / Sound Effects

25. Special Instructions

26. Reference

27. Client Style Guides 

1. Technical Information

1. Font: Arial, White
2. Minimum duration: 1 second
3. Maximum duration: 7 seconds
   • 29.97 frames/second (fps) - 210 frames
   • 23.98 frames/second (fps) - 168 frames
   • 25 frames/second (fps) - 175 frames
4. Reading speed (include spaces and punctuation):
   
   • Subtitles
     • Adult programs - 17 characters per second (cps)
     • Chidren's programs - 13 characters per second (cps)
   • SDH (Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing)
     • Adult programs - 20 characters per second (cps)
     • Chidren's programs - 17 characters per second (cps)
5. Frame gap: 2 frames minimum
        Note: Frame gap should be 2 frames or at least 5 frames
        All frame gaps of 3-4 frames should be reduced to 2 frames
6. Character limit: 42 characters per line
   DVD (all): 32 (if all uppercase) characters per line
   DISNEY (DVD only): 40 characters per line
   HBO: 40 characters per line
7. Max. Number of lines: 2 lines

2. Line Treatment

1. If an event can fit on one line, please keep it to one line. Do not split for grammatical reasons.
2. For two line events, ensure that you maintain a logical and grammatically correct line break (e.g. after punctuation).

3. Positioning

1. Always position either top or bottom center. Never have subtitles in any other position.
2. An event should be moved to the top if there is text in the lower third of the screen (e.g. credits)
3. In cases where the entire screen is covered with text, choose the option that causes the least disruption to the viewer.

4. Timing

1. If there is a supplied English Template, the timing for that should be followed. Events may be merged or split if the in-cues and out-cues are maintained. This rule supersedes all the below rules.
2. Subtitles should be timed to audio (within 3 frames).
   • If extra time is needed for reading speeds, the out-time can be extended by 12 frames past end of audio.
3. If dialogue starts within 3 frames of a shot change, pull the in-time to the shot change.
4. There should always be a minimum of 2 frames between the out-time of an event and the shot change after it.
5. If dialogue ends within 3 frames or less of a shot change, pull the out-time to 2 frames before the shot change.
6. While the reading speed is 17 cps, this is not always possible, the following priority should be followed:
   1. Time to audio and extend by 12 frames past end of audio (if it doesn’t cause the event to cross a shot change and look awkward).
   2. Let the reading speed go up to 21 cps.
   3. Merge or split events to help with reading speeds.
   4. Truncate without losing the meaning of the audio.
   5. If, after you have tried all of the above, the reading speed is still exceeding 21 cps then the file can be submitted as is, but all the above must have been tried.

5. Truncation

1. Subtitles should convey the context of the audio as accurately as possible, but do not need to be a word for word translation. This article shows examples of basic syntactical changes - Fotios Karamitroglou: A Proposed Set of Subtitling Standards in Europe.
2. Omit superfluous and unnecessary information such as hesitation markers, repetitions, and redundancies (e.g. "You know", "you see" etc).
3. Word-level alterations are also possible, but extra care must be taken to keep in context.
   1. Univerbation:
      wöchentliche Arbeitszeit von 40 Stunden (39 chars) > 40-Stunden-Woche (16 chars)
   2. Noun-verb combinations:
      in Betracht ziehen (18 chars) > erwägen (7 chars)
      einen Kuss geben (16 chars) > küssen (6 chars)
   3. Short forms:
      Kugelschreiber (14 chars) > Kuli (4 chars)
      Badezimmer (10 chars) > Bad (3 chars)
   4. Hypernyms:
      Foxterrier (10 chars) > Hund (4 chars)
      Rotweinglas (11 chars) > Glas (4 chars)
   5. Synonyms:
      kein Wort sagen (15 chars) > schweigen (9 chars)
      freundlich (10 chars) > nett (4 chars)

6. Dual Speakers

Use a hyphen without a space to indicate two speakers in one subtitle, with a maximum of one speaker per line.

-Wiederhole, Ziele identifizieren!
-Sir, Aufzug zwei bewegt sich.

7. Names

1. Do not translate proper names (e.g. John, Mary) unless requested.
2. Only translate nicknames if they have a specific meaning or are well-known and have official German equivalents. (e.g. Stinky Pete or Thomas, die kleine Lokomotive)
3. Use local language translations for historical/mythical characters (e.g. Genghis Khan, Santa Claus/Weihnachtsmann).
4. Translate brand names to a generic term if the brand is unknown in German and is relevant to context. (e.g. "Bleiche" for "Clorox")
5. Do not italicize proper names or company names.

8. Formality

Terms of address: Use formal or informal terms of address based on the relationship between characters and keep them consistent throughout (unless there is a change in the relationship). When in doubt, use formal terms.

9. Punctuation

1. There should be no spaces before punctuation marks.
   APPLE MUSIC This rule does not apply.
2. Use apostrophes to indicate:
   1. the genitive case of proper names ending in s, ss, ß, tz, z, x, and ce (e.g. "Hans’ Hot-Dog-Bude")
   2. omitted letters in casual dialogue (e.g. "So 'n Blödsinn!", "Wie geht's?")
3. Do not use apostrophes when:
   1. combining prepositions and articles (e.g. "aufs", "überm")
   2. shortening words (e.g. "heran, heraug, herein, herüber" > "ran, raus, rein, rüber")
   3. the genitive case of proper names not ending in s, ss, ß, tz, z, x, and ce (e.g. "Peters Hot-Dog-Bude")

10. Italics

1. If there is a supplied English Template, the italics usage for that should be followed. This rule supersedes all the below rules. If you spot something you think is incorrect, please follow the template regardless but notify Pixelogic immediately so that we may confirm.
2.  Italicize:
   1. Dialogue that is heard through electronic media, such as a phone, television, public announcement system or computer
   2. Unfamiliar foreign words and phrases (not commonly used)
   3. Song lyrics when sung, not quoted (provided rights have been granted)
   4. Voice-overs such as out-of-scene narrators or visible characters expressing unspoken thoughts
   5. Titles of books / periodicals / works of art / albums / movies / tv or radio shows / plays / ship names
   6. Genera and species' scientific names
3. Do not italicize:
   1. During B-roll footage in a documentary. Avoid going back and forth between italics when the speaker is on and off screen. If the speaker is on-camera for part of the scene do not italicize
   2. If the dialogue starts/ends out-of-scene, but the character is visible during the event (e.g. on a phone call between 2 people)
   3. For emphasis

11. Continuity

For ellipses, use the single smart character (U+2026) instead of three dots/periods.

1. Do not use ellipses (3 dots) or dashes when an ongoing sentence is split between subtitle events.

Event 1:
Weil es am Ende

Event 2:  
mehr Waffen als Menschen gab,
die sie hätten benutzen können. 

2. Use an ellipsis to indicate a significant pause (2 seconds or more) or dialogue trailing off. For a pause (2 seconds or more), there should be a space after the ellipses. 

Event 1:
Loyalität... äußerst überbewertet. 

Event 1:
Nun, es gäbe da... 

APPLE MUSIC If the ellipsis precedes or follows a complete word, use a space between ellipsis and word. If the word is cut off, do not use a space.

3. In the case of a pause (2 seconds or more), if the sentence continues in the next event, use an ellipsis at the beginning of the next event.

Event 1:
Dein Name…

Event 2:
...ist Alice, nicht wahr?  

4. Use an ellipsis without a space for an event starting mid-sentence.

 …und diskutieren es dann. Okay? 

5. Use an ellipsis for abrupt interruptions.

Event 1:
-Es tut mir…
-Ich will nicht hierbleiben! 

12. Titles 

1. Follow instructions from Pixelogic regarding Main Titles. If instructions were not provided, double check.
   ALULA Match Localization Library entry if provided, otherwise uppercase.
   NETFLIX Do not include Main Titles. If mentioned in dialogue, check with Pixelogic.
2. Episode Titles: Do not subtitle if they do not appear onscreen, if they do, check with Pixelogic.
   ALULA Match Localization Library entry if provided, otherwise Sentence case and capitalize nouns.
   NETFLIX Do not include Episode Titles. If mentioned in dialogue, check with Pixelogic.
3. Use ALL CAPS for titles.
   DISNEY+ Match the case of the onscreen text.
4. Titles of movies, TV shows or published works: Use official / accepted translations. If none are available, leave in the original language.

13. Forced Narratives / Narrative Subtitles

1. Only include plot-pertinent Forced Narratives.
2. Delete redundant Forced Narratives (e.g. identical to onscreen text/covered in dialogue/appears repeatedly in the video).
3. Forced Narratives should be ALL CAPS.

Exceptions:
Excerpts from books / magazines / newspapers
Handwritten notes
Social Media Messages
Text messages
All the above should match the text as it appears on screen.

Long passages of on screen text (e.g. prologues / epilogues) can use mixed case to improve readability.

PARAMOUNT Forced Narratives should always match the case of the onscreen text.
DISNEY+ Forced Narratives should always match the case of the onscreen text.

4. Ensure that Forced Narratives do not cover onscreen text. In the event, there is onscreen text at the top and bottom, place the Forced Narrative in the location easiest to read. If both locations are identically difficult, then place the event at the bottom.
5. Never combine a Forced Narrative with dialogue in the same event.
6. If a Forced Narrative interrupts dialogue, use an ellipsis at the end of the preceding event and at the beginning of the following event.

Event 1:
Das heißt, mehr Verantwortung...

Event 2(FN):
REGISSEUR

Event 3:
…und auch mehr Gehalt. 

APPLE MUSIC If the ellipsis precedes or follows a complete word, use a space between ellipsis and word. If the word is cut off, do not use a space. 

7. Speaker’s title for documentaries: Only translate the title. Do not include speaker’s name, company name or character name.
8. Only translate a speaker’s title once, the first time the speaker appears in the documentary. 

14. Foreign Dialogue 

1. Foreign dialogue should only be subtitled if the viewer was meant to understand it per creative intent in the original version. Please check with Pixelogic to see if you are using a Subtitled or Subtitle-less version of the video.
2. Always verify spelling and grammar when using foreign words.
3. Foreign words should be italicized, unless they have become part of normal usage (e.g. In English, the following do not need italicization: bon voyage, bona fide, alfresco, kaput).
4. Do not italicize proper names or company names.

15. Numbers, Time & Currency 

1. From 1 to 12, spell the numbers: "ein", "zwei", "drei", etc.
   NETFLIX From 1 to 10, spell the numbers.
2. Above 12, numbers can be written numerically: "13", "14", "15", etc.
   NETFLIX Above 10, write numerically.
3. If a number starts a sentence, it should be spelled out.
4. Exceptions to the above can be made for space limitations or correct usage (e.g. "2 km", phone numbers, "She was 10 before she turned 11").
5. Time format hh:mm Uhr. Unless specified in audio, use the 24-clock. (e.g. "Der Termin war um 15:30 Uhr.") For hours only (without minutes), you can choose (16:00 Uhr or 16 Uhr).
6. Unit of currency - If used in audio should be spelled out or represented by the appropriate symbol after the number (e.g. "Ich würde die App für 99 Cents oder 1,29 $ verkaufen.")
7. Never convert currency.
8. Ordinal numbers should be written out (e. g. Dritte, rather than 3.)
9. Use a space between the number and the symbol (8 °C, 8 %). 
10. Convert to metric system: kilometers (km), Celsius (°C), Kilograms (kg).

16. Quotation Marks

1. Use double quotation marks (“ “) without spaces for regular quotations.
   APPLE MUSIC Use German quotation marks („ “) without spaces for regular quotations.
2. Use single quotation marks (‘ ‘) without spaces for quotes within quotes.
   APPLE MUSIC Use German quotation marks (‚ ‘) without spaces for quotes within quotes.
3. APPLE MUSIC Direct quotations should be introduced using a colon.
4. Quotes should be used at the start and end of a quote, not at the start of every subtitle.
5. Closing quotes should always follow the period.
6. Put song titles in quotes.

17. Abbreviations 

1. Only use abbreviations if used in the Duden. (e.g. Doktor: Dr. / Frau: Fr. / Fräulein: Frl. / Herr: Hr. / Number: Nr. / Professor: Prof.
2. Always write “okay”, not “ok”, “o. k.” or “OK”.

18. Acronyms 

1. Write acronyms without periods between letters: "FBI", "BBC", "LA".

19. Repetitions 

1. Do not translate words or phrases repeated more than once (e.g.  "All right, all right, all right." -> "Na gut.")
2. If the word or phrase is said twice in a row, time to audio but do not repeat the translation.
3. This rule can be ignored if the context uses repetition for emphasis or comedic effect.

20. Censored words

1. If a word has been censored in the audio use four asterisks to indicate the censored word.

**** dich! 

21. Songs 

1. If the song is original to the show/movie, check with Pixelogic if translation is required. For all other instances do not translate.
   LIONSGATE This rule is for characters singing only. Do not translate background songs.
2. Songs in which the lyrics have been altered or parodied for comedic effect can generally be titled.
3. Italicize lyrics.
4. Start each line with an uppercase letter.
5. Use an ellipsis if the song continues in the background but is interrupted by dialogue.
6. Only question marks, exclamation marks and ellipses can be used at the end of a line. Commas can be used within the lyric line, if required.
7. Song titles are in quotation marks.
8. Album titles are in italics.

22. Translator Credit 

1. Include if present in provided English template, otherwise do NOT include a translator credit.
   Exceptions:
   ALULA (Features/Episodes) Include a translator credit - "Untertitel von:"
   NETFLIX Include a translator credit (DO NOT INCLUDE for VanDam & Backlot Trailers) - "Untertitel von:"
   PARAMOUNT (Theatrical) Include a translator credit - "Untertitel von:"
   SONY (Feature/Episodes) Include a translator credit - "Untertitel übersetzt von: "
   FOX Include a translator credit.
   NBCUNIVERSAL (Features/Episodes) Include a translator credit. 
2. If a client requests a translator credit and does not specify a format use one of the above prioritizing top to bottom.

23. Language Tag

1. If the following event is present at the end of the template:
   
   [LANGUAGE TAG - Do not Translate]
   
   do not omit or translate, but simply copy the English text into your language file. This is an identifier in English for BD/DVD authors.

24. SDH Instructions - Speaker IDs / Sound Effects

Speaker IDs/Sound Effects

1. Use [ ] brackets for speaker IDs or sound effects.
2. Use lowercase, except for nouns.
3. Only use speaker IDs or sound effects when they cannot be visually identified.
4. If a person who is on-screen continues talking off-screen, do not add another identifier for their off-screen dialogue. We assume it's the same person talking until another person is visible or until there is an identifier for a different speaker.
5. Do not identify a speaker until their character name has been introduced. Until they are introduced, use generic IDs (e.g. [man], [man 2], [cop], [doctor])
6. For documentaries, commentaries, bonus material (VAM) etc. do not identify interviewees by their first name. Only use their last name. You can use first names for the characters from the program, assuming they have been identified that way in the full program.
7. Use a generic ID to indicate and describe ambient music (e.g. [rock music playing on radio]).
8. Only include plot-pertinent sound effects.
9. Never italicize speaker IDs or sounds effects, even if the dialogue is italicized.

Exclamations

1. Include single utterances and exclamations (e.g. Oh, Um..., Wow!)

Foreign Dialogue

1. If translated – Use [in language] (e.g. [auf Russisch] )
2. If not meant to be understood – Use [speaking language] (e.g. [Englisch sprechen] )
3. Always research the language. Do not use [speaking foreign language] or [in foreign language].

Songs (additional to Section 20)

1. Song lyrics should be enclosed with a music note (♪)
2. Songs heard within the scene should be identified if possible.

   [Taylor Swifts „Blank Space“
   ertönt aus den Lautsprechern]

Censored Words

1. If a word has been censored in the audio use four asterisks to indicate the censored word.

Das ist echt Sch****, Mann! 

25. Special Instructions 

1. Always translate as faithfully as possible (including expletives). Do not use dialect or words that would otherwise introduce a level of obscenity not implied in the content.
2. Deliberate misspellings and mispronunciations should not be reproduced in the translation unless plot-pertinent.
3. Dir and Du should not be capitalized in subtitling.
4. Do not split words with a hyphen over two lines due to line breaks, unless they word is hyphenated. Always split titles instead.
5. Avoid using the abbreviated version of verbs, unless they are specifically appropriate to the context and/or the subtitle needs to be condensed to improve the reading speed.
6. If two different spelling options are possible, use the one recommended by Der Duden 

26. Reference

Please reference the following for any language-related issues not covered in this document:

1. Duden: http://www.duden.de/
2. New German Spelling Rules: https://www.duden.de/sprachwissen/rechtschreibregeln/
3. Canoonet: http://www.canoo.net/ 

27. Client Style Guides

•  - Latest version
•  - Latest version - December 4, 2017
•  SDH Guide - Latest version - December 4, 2017

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